Which proficiency measure is linked to high self-esteem in bilingual education?

Proficiency in both L1 (first language) and L2 (second language) is linked to high self-esteem in bilingual education because it allows students to develop a strong sense of identity and cultural awareness while also gaining valuable skills for effective communication in a diverse society. When students are proficient in both languages, they can navigate different cultural contexts, which reinforces their self-worth and confidence.

Being competent in L1 helps students maintain their cultural ties and familial relationships, while proficiency in L2 provides them with opportunities to connect with a broader community and access educational and professional resources. This dual proficiency promotes a positive self-image, as students feel capable and valued in multiple linguistic and cultural spheres.

In contrast, focusing solely on proficiency in either L1 or L2 may not provide the same holistic benefits. A lack of proficiency in both languages might lead to feelings of alienation and low self-esteem, as students may struggle to connect with their heritage or find their place in a new linguistic environment. Thus, developing skills in both languages fosters a well-rounded self-esteem in bilingual learners.