Which of the following formulas is used to assess readability?

All of the formulas listed—Fry, Raygor, and SMOG—are established methods for assessing readability. Readability formulas are instrumental in evaluating the complexity of texts to ensure they are appropriate for the intended audience, particularly important in educational settings for supporting English language learners.

The Fry readability formula uses a graph that correlates the average number of syllables per 100 words and the average number of sentences to determine readability levels. This formula is particularly useful for classroom teachers who need to assess texts quickly.

The Raygor Readability Graph is another effective tool, similar in its approach but uses a different methodology. It allows the user to plot the number of sentences and words in a passage on a graph to find the corresponding readability score.

The SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook) formula focuses specifically on the number of polysyllabic words in a text to provide an estimate of the years of education needed to understand the text, making it particularly beneficial in health literacy contexts.

Since these readability formulas provide diverse approaches to measuring text complexity, recognizing their collective ability to determine readability justifies the choice that all of them are used for this purpose.