What is the term for when an author speaks directly to the reader?

The term for when an author speaks directly to the reader is metadiscourse. Metadiscourse refers to the ways in which writers communicate with their readers about the structure and content of their writing. This can include addressing the reader directly, as well as providing guidance on how to interpret or engage with the text.

In literature and persuasive writing, metadiscourse serves to create a dialogue between the author and the reader, enhancing the reader's understanding and involvement with the material. This technique can make the writing feel more personal and engaging, helping to establish a connection and clarify the author's intentions.

The other terms provided relate to different concepts. Paratext refers to the elements that surround the text, like the title, preface, and notes, which help frame the reader's understanding but do not typically involve direct engagement with the reader. Subtext is the underlying meaning or theme that is not explicitly stated in the text, while contextual commentary refers to explanations or insights about the situation surrounding the text itself. These concepts do not specifically focus on the direct communication between the author and the reader, which is the hallmark of metadiscourse.