What is the focus of the concept of transfer in language learning?

The concept of transfer in language learning primarily examines how skills or knowledge from a learner's first language (L1) can influence the learning of a second language (L2). This transfer can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the similarities and differences between the two languages. For example, a learner may transfer vocabulary or grammatical structures that they already know, which can facilitate communication or comprehension in the new language. The understanding of transfer is critical for language educators as it helps them identify potential pitfalls and advantages in the learning process.

In contrast, the loss of a language relates more to language attrition, which involves a decline in proficiency as one language becomes less used. The ability to switch languages pertains to code-switching, a different concept involving the use of two or more languages in conversation or education. Gradual acquisition involves the process and timeline a learner experiences while acquiring a second language, emphasizing stages and natural development rather than the influence of prior knowledge from another language.