What does language attrition refer to?

Language attrition specifically refers to the gradual loss or decline of language skills in an individual, often occurring when a person has not used the language for an extended period or has shifted their focus to another language. This phenomenon can affect any language that a person has previously learned, especially if they are immersed in an environment where that language is not spoken.

The process can be influenced by various factors, including the frequency of use, context of language exposure, and the individual's emotional connection to the language. For instance, if a bilingual individual begins to primarily communicate in one language, they may experience attrition in the other language over time, leading to diminished vocabulary, reduced fluency, or even complete withdrawal from that language in severe cases.

This concept is crucial in understanding how language learning and maintenance work, particularly in diverse linguistic environments where multiple languages coexist. The other options, while relevant to language learning or proficiency, do not accurately describe the concept of language attrition.