What does a dominant language indicate about a person's linguistic abilities?

A dominant language serves as an indicator of a person's greater proficiency in that language. This typically suggests that they have a stronger command of the language, which manifests in their ability to read, write, speak, and understand it more effectively than any other languages they may know. Proficiency involves not only the technical aspects of language, such as grammar and vocabulary, but also the pragmatic aspects, including fluency and the ability to navigate complex linguistic contexts.

For individuals who are bilingual or multilingual, identifying a dominant language helps educators, employers, and researchers understand which language the individual can utilize with the most skill and confidence. This distinction is particularly important in educational settings, where educators may tailor instruction to align with the student's linguistic strengths, ensuring more effective communication and learning outcomes.

In contrast, other options suggest limitations that do not accurately reflect the implications of having a dominant language. For example, claiming that someone only speaks a second language does not align with the concept of dominance, which implies a level of proficiency beyond a simple capability. Similarly, asserting that they can only read in their dominant language diminishes their overall language abilities and engagement. Lastly, referring to a dominant language as merely a heritage language may overlook the active and proficient use the individual has developed in that